Contemplative Glossary

In general usage, samadhi means meditative "absorption," "concentration," or "one-pointedness."  It is the state of mind you reach in meditation when you succeed at remaining in single-minded, undistracted awareness.

Samadhi, a Sanskrit term, literally means "to hold things together."  The Tibetan equivalent, ting ngé dzin, means "to hold firmly and unwaveringly from the depths so that there is no movement." (Per Rigpawiki)

Sometimes the connotation of samadhi stops at mere concentration.  Often, however, it implies deeper states of mind, levels of realization, or nondual wisdom that unfolds within the experience of that meditative absorption.  Also, the word "concentration" sometimes does not fit, as some varieties of samadhi have no specific object of attention, or even no fixed reference points at all.

This is another case where a Buddhist term can have conventional/transcendent or relative/absolute senses of meaning.  Perhaps it is helpful to differentiate between "big S" and "small s" samadhi.

For a deep dive, see Samadhi on Wikipedia.

Sangha is a Buddhist word for spiritual community — one of the “three jewels”, along with Buddha (Awakened Being) and Dharma (The Teaching). Traditionally, this “third jewel” was the monastic community. More colloquially, that meaning has spread out to include the broader community of Buddhist practitioners and devotees.

Nowadays, sangha often appears in interfaith vocabulary. In the most general sense, sangha can mean any group of spiritual friends or contemplatives who meditate together, study spiritual teachings, and support each other on the path. In this sense, practicing together is what makes a group a sangha, no matter how diverse the backgrounds or beliefs of its membership.

There are individual "sanghas" — specific groups, with particular histories, identities, doctrines and norms. You might have to formally join (or at least show up someplace) to become a member of one.

There is also just Sangha — the one Universal Sangha of all who walk the contemplative path — past, present and future. You automatically belong to this Sangha the moment you aspire to the path, or find yourself on it.

The seven-pointed posture (also known as The Posture of Vairocana) is a traditional explanation of how to sit in Tibetan Buddhist meditation.

The seven points, with some added commentary based our modern-day knowledge of physiology, are as follows:

1. Legs.  The hips should be higher than the knees.  Sit cross-legged on a cushion, with both knees firmly connected to the ground, if possible.  If that's not comfortable, the next-best posture is kneeling, with a cushion between the ankles, or on a kneeling-bench.  If neither of those are comfortable and stable, then sitting on a chair is fine. 
2. Hands. Rest the hands palms-down on the thighs, with upper-arms straight down in line with the torso.  Or with the hands below the navel in the "cosmic mudra" — left hand over the right, thumbs touching, making a circle.*
3. Spine. In terms of right and left the spine should be "straight like an arrow," and aligned with gravity.  In terms of front and back, there should be a slight s-shape, with lumbar spine concave toward the navel, and the thoracic spine convex toward the back.  The hips should be tilted slightly forward to support that curve.
4. Shoulders.  They should be "spread like the wings of a vulture."  That means the shoulder blades should be aligned on the same plane, with a relaxed, open chest.  And the shoulders should be balanced above the hips, so that hips, spine, shoulders and head are perfectly stacked.  This will allow the shoulder muscles to relax and hang loosely.
5. Chin.  Without moving the neck, tuck the chin back a centimeter or so.  That will rotate the skull at the top of the spine, causing the gaze to tilt slightly downward.
6. Tongue. Rest the tip of the tongue gently against the upper palate, right at the spot where it would touch when saying "tee tee tee".  This reduces saliva production and helps keep the chi flowing.
7. Eyes. Ideally, they should be slightly open, gazing softly downward through the space roughly 3 feet in front of the nose.  To reduce agitation, close the eyes for a while.  When sleepy, open the eyes and stare sharply.

It is named after Vairocana Buddha, one of the Five Wisdom Buddhas. 

* Here's an example of hands in a "cosmic mudra," from a statue in Berlin's Asian Art Museum:

Spiritual friendship is central to contemplative spirituality – especially in an interfaith group, forming bonds of community where there is no common foundation in doctrine, religious language or heritage.

In the contemplative branches of the world religions, friendship is frequently cited as an essential source of support, empowerment and accountability along the spiritual path. Buddhism sees kalyanamitra, or "admirable friends", as essential to progress on the journey to enlightenment. Sufi poetry exudes friendly sentiments. And in Christianity, similar value is placed upon koinonia — a Greek word for how the Holy Spirit flows through the fellowship, communion and participation of the gathered community.

Spiritual friendship is also a key aspect of spiritual direction, which is often called "soul friendship," "spiritual companionship," or "anamchara"(Celtic for "soul friend".)

Spiritual friendship is part of what makes a religious community a true community, a true sangha, and not just a bunch of people.

Here are some quotes I gathered related to the Mahamudra term "suchness":

All the Victor’s teachings, be they sūtras or tantras, teach the methods for realizing suchness, the abiding state of phenomena. The intention of his teachings is to lead us to suchness. The culmination of practice ends up being suchness. All his instructions, no matter what mode they are, profound or vast, are directed towards suchness.
     — Dakpo Tashi Namgyal, Moonbeams of Mahamudra 

Śāriputra, someone who cultivates the samādhi of suchness for just [the amount of time it takes] to snap their fingers increases their merit more than someone who listens [to the dharma] for even as long as an eon. Śāriputra, it is for this reason that I strenuously recommend this samādhi of suchness to others.
     — The Sūtra Revealing Suchness

Meditate with certainty that everything, inanimate and animate, grasses, twigs, vines and all, have no other nature than your own: genuine suchness. 
[...]
Like the way a river’s current flows or a candle’s flame is bound, yogins and yoginīs remain continually in the yoga of suchness, day and night.
     — The Hevajra Tantra

The importance of remaining in naturalness is inexpressible.
This is the mother of all buddhas of the three times.
     — The Tantra of Nonabiding Suchness

...Wise people who are immersed in genuine being,  
Aware of reality and [its] ineffability,
Are free within the Expanse,
The suchness in which there is no causality.
     — Longchen Rabjam, The Precious Treasury of the Way of Abiding

When you realize your own suchness, even the distracted mind is mahāmudrā. 
     — Saraha